Native American Astronomy Essays - Meteor Showers, Leonids

Native American Astronomy Essays - Meteor Showers, Leonids Native American Astronomy For many years astronomers and people alike have constantly heard about the observations and records of the Chinese and Europeans. No other culture can provide as much information as that gathered by the Chinese and Europeans, but there are many other cultures that observed and recorded the night sky, one of those being the Native Americans. During the last fifteen to twenty years archaeoastronomers have uncovered much concerning the beliefs and records of Native Americans. Unfortunately, the methods of keeping records of astronomical events were not as straight forward as the Chinese and Europeans. The Native Americans had to use what they could to record what they observed. Their records were found on rock and cave drawings, stick notching, beadwork, pictures on animal skins and story telling. One of the few dateable events among the various records of Native Americans was the 1833 appearance of the Leonid meteor shower. The most obvious accounts of the Leonid storm appear among the various bands of the Sioux of the North American plains. The Sioux kept records called winter counts, which were a chronological pictographic account of each year painted on animal skin. In 1984 Von Del Chamberlain listed the astronomical references for 50 Sioux, forty five out of fifty referred to an intense meteor shower during 1833/1834. He also listed nineteen winter counts kept by other plains Indian tribes, fourteen of which referred to the Leonid storm. The Leonids also appear among the Maricopa, who used calendar sticks with notches to represent the passage of a year, with the owner of the stick remembering the events. The owner of one stick claimed records had been kept that way since the stars fell. The first notch on the stick represented 1833. A member of the Papago, named Kutox, was born around 1847 or 1848. He claimed that 14 years prior to his birth the stars rained all over the sky. A less obvious Leonid reference was found in a journal kept by Alexander M. Stephen, which detailed his visit with the Hopi Indians and mentions a talk he had With Old Djasjini on December 11, 1892. That Hopi Indian said, How old am I? Fifty, maybe a hundred years, I cannot tell. When I was a young boy eight or ten years there was a great comet in the sky and at night all the above was full of shooting stars. (Stephen 37). During the lifetime of Old Djasini there was never a great comet and a sky full of meteors in the same year, but he might be referring to the comet in 1843 and the Leonid storm in 1833. The Pawnee have a story about a person named Pahokatawa, who was killed by an enemy and eaten by animals, and then brought back to life by the Gods. The legend goes that he fell to earth as a meteor and told the people that when meteors were seen falling in great numbers it was not a sign that the world would end. When the pawnee tribe witnessed the time the stars fell upon the earth, which was in 1833, there was a panic, but the leader said, remember the words of Pahokatawa and the people were no longer afraid. This shows how powerful a role astronomy played in the Native American culture. Although the Pawnee learned not to be afraid there were Native Americans who feared meteors. The Blackfeet of Montana believed a meteor was a sign that sickness would come to the tribe in the winter the Kawaiisu thought a meteor started high and fell to the horizon was an omen of death. The Cahuilla thought a meteor was the spirit of their first shaman, takwich, who was disliked his people. Takwich wandered the sky at night looking for people far from their tribe. If he found a lost person he steal their spirit and the person home and eat them. The Shawnee believed meteors were beings fleeing from the wrath of some adversary, or from some anticipated danger.(Howard 178) Many Native Americans saw the stars as heavenly and mystical. The Wintu explained meteors as the spirits of shamans traveling to the after life. The Chumash referred to meteors as a shooting star.

Anthropology Personal Statement Writing Essay Example

Anthropology Personal Statement Writing Essay Example Anthropology Personal Statement Writing Essay Anthropology Personal Statement Writing Essay â€Å"Anthropology demands the open-mindedness with which one must look and listen, record in astonishment and wonder that which one would not have been able to guess.† (Margaret Mead) The main purpose of crafting an anthropology personal statement is to convince the board of the university to accept your admission application. It is imperative that the purpose for applying for admission in the college should be apparent in the admission essay. While writing the anthropology statement of purpose, you should determine your audience. It means that you should first determine who you are writing for and why. The targeted audience who will review your admission essay will be comprised of those admission officers who are experts in your field of interest. Through the personal statement you need to persuade those officers that you have what it takes to be a proficient anthropologist. There are some universities that provide you a list of specific questions and expect you to address those questions in the statement of purpose accurately. If any question has numerous parts, ensure that you address each part of that question effectively. It is also very important to go through the list of specifications carefully so that you don’t miss out on any crucial details. The opening paragraph of the anthropology statement is very important because it introduces your passion to the readers. It tells the readers why the candidate wants to explore anthropology field or what encouraged the candidate to do so. Keep in mind that a convincing personal statement is one that looks like it is crafted especially for the admission officers. Therefore, don’t worry about the format of your statement. You may check out few sample statement to learn about the basic elements of an engaging anthropology personal statement. Sample statements are easily accessible these days, thanks to the internet. There are also many websites that offer students to post their personal statements which have been accepted in numerous academies. By reviewing those statements you can easily figure out the essential elements that a particular university seeks in a statement of purpose. The statement of purpose should be written in simple and straightforward language. Though it is true that sometimes technical jargons are necessary to be used in the statement, however, too much use of such technical terminologies must be avoided. It should only be used where it is necessary. The anthropology personal statement should discuss the candidate’s moral values. It should also discuss the work experience of the candidate and tell the audience what he/she has learnt from those experiences. The statement of purpose should also tell the readers how those work experiences or moral values impact your future goals. Ensure before submitting the essay that it doesn’t exceed the word limit as mentioned in the prompt. Read through the personal statement thoroughly so that you can correct any grammar or spelling mistakes. Such mistakes make the candidate look careless in the eyes of the admission officers. So proofread the statement carefully and make sure you submit an immaculate personal statement.

Materials Tribotechnolgy and Surface Engineering Assignment

Materials Tribotechnolgy and Surface Engineering - Assignment Example Double shear is prominent within pin-and-clevis connections possess the merit of being balanced because of the symmetry. Load P is normally transferred over two cross-sections. Therefore, whilst the bolt transfers the same force P, the corresponding maximum shear stress is half that of the bolt of the single shear. The two-phase field at steady temperature consists of the mixture of copper and Sb, with the composition of the phases at the saturation limits the values on the prevailing boundaries at the end of the tie line. Different compositions at this temperature contain diverse proportions of every phase that the entire fractions of the two elements. The underlying proportions of every phase by weight within the two-phase region such that the weight fractions are mainly fixed by the demand that the matter is conserved. The alloy contains 95 wt% copper and the first is austenitized, and the alloy cools slowly at room temperature at 650 degrees. At 650 degrees the alloy is liquid and it melts to 500 degrees. At the temperature of 450 degrees, the alloy is pure Sb. A detailed view of the arrangement of the atoms around a left-hand screw dislocation has two planes of atoms. The lattice is perfect and the filled circles are directly below the open circles. Within the lower portion of the figure, atom 1 is within the lower level, and atom 2 is above. A Ceramics materials are normally extremely hard and do not deform plastically under tensile stress. Nevertheless, they break suddenly after elastic deformation. Moreover, ceramics materials possess small cracks due to their prevailing processing. Compression stress normally exerts a lot of pressure on the ceramics making it be compact and stronger to forces. Nevertheless, tensile stress leads to the development of cracks on the ceramics due to dislocations and slip of the molecules making it be weak. Since ceramics are brittle in nature, tension load leads to small cracks.